**Lumina** is a new language, optimised for consitency, ease of pronunciation and learning.
Lumina was invented and developed by Gemini 3 pro. It has evolved and improved iteratively
by running Gemini repeatedly as an agent.
- Prompted and orchesterated by Eleanor Berger ( https://intellectronica.net/ )
- Using Gemini 3 pro agent in GitHub Copilot CLI
- Accompanying infographic, presentation, and discussion generated using NotebookLMA Logical Language for an Illogical World
- Introduction
- Chapter 1: Phonology and Orthography
- Chapter 2: Core Grammar
- Chapter 3: Modifiers and Descriptions
- Chapter 4: Space, Time, and Mathematics
- Chapter 5: Complex Logic (Questions, Negation, Conditionals)
- Chapter 6: The Lumina Dictionary
- Chapter 7: The Lumina Reader (Graded Readings)
- Appendix: Syntax Summary (Cheat Sheet)
Lumina is a constructed auxiliary language designed for logical consistency, ease of pronunciation, and machine learnability.
Core Principles:
- Strict SVO: Subject-Verb-Object structure is immutable.
- Typed Endings: The last letter of a word tells you exactly what it is (Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Passive Participle). Note: Particles are exempt from this rule.
- One Letter, One Sound: Zero ambiguity in reading or writing.
- No Irregularities: If you know the rule, you know the language.
Lumina uses a restricted subset of the Latin alphabet: 21 Letters (16 Consonants and 5 Vowels). The letters C, J, Q, X, and Z are not used.
Pronunciation is strict. Vowels are monophthongs. If two vowels appear together, they are pronounced separately (hiatus). There are no diphthongs.
| Letter | IPA | Sound | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | /a/ | Architecture | Open front unrounded |
| E | /e/ | Editor | Close-mid front unrounded (pure) |
| I | /i/ | Pixel | Close front unrounded (pure) |
| O | /o/ | Origin | Close-mid back rounded (pure, not diphthongized) |
| U | /u/ | Ubuntu | Close back rounded (pure) |
Chosen to maximize distinction.
| Letter | IPA | Name (Spelling) | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| B | /b/ | Bo | Bit |
| D | /d/ | Do | Data |
| F | /f/ | Fo | False |
| G | /g/ | Go | Git (Always hard /g/ as in 'get', never /dʒ/) |
| H | /h/ | Ho | Hash |
| K | /k/ | Ko | Kernel |
| L | /l/ | Lo | Linux |
| M | /m/ | Mo | Module |
| N | /n/ | No | Node |
| P | /p/ | Po | Python |
| R | /r/ | Ro | Run (Trilled or tapped /r/) |
| S | /s/ | So | Sudo (Always unvoiced /s/ as in 'see', never /z/) |
| T | /t/ | To | True |
| V | /v/ | Vo | Void |
| W | /w/ | Wo | Web |
| Y | /j/ | Yo | YAML (Always consonant /j/ as in 'yes', never vowel) |
- Syllabification: Every vowel constitutes a syllable.
- Krea = Kre-a (2 syllables)
- Oye = O-ye (2 syllables)
- Stress: The stress always falls on the penultimate (second to last) syllable.
- Melo -> ME-lo
- Runada -> ru-NA-da
- Kreafo -> kre-A-fo
- Statements: Falling intonation at the end.
- Questions: Rising intonation at the end.
- Commands: Sharp, abrupt falling intonation.
Lumina uses standard punctuation to guide logic.
- . (Period): End of a statement.
- , (Comma): Pause or separation of clauses.
- ? (Question Mark): End of a question.
- ! (Exclamation Mark): End of a command or emphasis.
- : (Colon): Introduction of a list or definition.
Lumina follows standard capitalization rules:
- Sentence Start: The first letter of a sentence is capitalized.
- Proper Nouns: Names of people, places, and specific brands are capitalized (e.g., Elara, Marso, Lumina).
- Pronoun 'Mi': The first-person pronoun Mi (I) is capitalized.
In Lumina, the function of a word is determined by its ending vowel. This is the most important rule in the language. It allows for Direct Derivation, meaning you can change a word's class simply by changing its ending.
-
-O : Nouns (Objects, Entities, Concepts)
- Humo (Human), Kodo (Code), Domo (House)
- Kreo (Creation - from Krea)
- Vido (Vision/Sight - from Vida)
- Gudo (Goodness - from Gudi)
-
-A : Verbs (Actions, States)
- Vida (See), Runa (Run), Esa (Be)
- Huma (To be human/act human - from Humo)
- Doma (To house/shelter - from Domo)
- Guda (To be good/do good - from Gudi)
-
-I : Adjectives (Descriptors of Nouns / Active Participles)
- Gudi (Good), Rubi (Red), Veli (Fast)
- Humi (Human-like - from Humo)
- Kodi (Coded/Encoded - from Kodo)
- Krei (Creating - from Krea)
-
-E : Adverbs (Descriptors of Verbs/Adjectives)
- Gude (Well), Vele (Fast/Quickly), Nue (Now)
- Hume (Humanly - from Humo)
- Kode (According to code - from Kodo)
-
-U : Passive Participles (Receivers of Action)
- Kreu (Created - from Krea)
- Vidu (Seen - from Vida)
- Skribu (Written - from Skriba)
Lumina strictly follows Subject - Verb - Object. This order never changes, even for questions.
- Subject: The actor.
- Verb: The action.
- Object: The receiver.
Humo skriba kodo. (Human writes code.)
Diagram:
[Subject: Noun] + [Verb: Action] + [Object: Noun]
Humo skriba kodo
To make a noun plural, add -s.
- Usaro (User) -> Usaro-s (Users)
- Filo (File) -> Filo-s (Files)
- Dato (Data - singular piece) -> Dato-s (Data - collection)
Pronouns are treated as Nouns structurally but have specific forms.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | Mi (I/Me) | Nos (We/Us) |
| 2nd | Tu (You) | Vos (You All) |
| 3rd | Si (He/She/It) | Si-s (They) |
Indefinite Pronouns:
- Ali-o: Something
- Ali-humo: Someone
- Nul-o: Nothing
- Nul-humo: No one
- Omni-o: Everything
- Omni-humo: Everyone
There are no articles (a, an, the).
- Mi vida melo. = I see a/the machine.
New words can be formed by combining roots. The primary root comes last. The modifier comes first.
- Noun-Noun: Domo-melo (House-machine / Home appliance).
- Adj-Noun: Mini-domo (Small house / Cottage).
- Verb-Noun: Skriba-ilo (Write-tool / Pen).
- Suno (Sun) + Lumo (Light) -> Suno-lumo (Sunlight)
- Manuo (Hand) + Sako (Bag) -> Manuo-sako (Handbag)
- Dormo (Sleep) + Kamero (Room) -> Dormo-kamero (Bedroom - alternative to Dormalo)
For flow, the first vowel is often dropped if the result is pronounceable, or kept as -o or -i.
To give a command, simply use the verb. The subject (Tu or Vos) is implied but omitted.
- Runa! (Run!)
- Skriba kodo! (Write code!)
- Stopa nue! (Stop now!)
Lumina avoids a dedicated passive voice structure. Instead, use the passive participle form of the verb (ending in -U) with the verb Esa (To be).
- Active: Humo skriba kodo. (Human writes code.)
- Passive: Kodo esa skribu per humo. (Code is written by human.)
- Skribu = Written (Passive Participle of Skriba)
Continuous actions (ongoing) are formed using the verb Esa (To be) and the active participle (verb ending in -i).
- Mi esa runi. (I am running.)
- Si esada dormi. (He was sleeping.)
Demonstratives point to specific objects. They can act as adjectives (before a noun) or pronouns (replacing a noun).
- Dis: This (Close)
- Dat: That (Far)
Dis nevi melo. (This new machine.) Dat esa gudi. (That is good.)
While Ke marks a Yes/No question, specific information is requested using K-words.
- Kuo: What
- Ki: Who
- Ubi: Where
- Kande: When
- Komo: How
- Pro-kuo: Why (For what)
- Kuanto: How much / How many
Kuo esa dis? (What is this?) Ubi tu vada? (Where do you go?)
To refer back to the subject of the sentence (especially in 3rd person), use Se.
- Se: Self (Himself, Herself, Itself, Themselves)
- Se-a: Own (His own, Her own, Their own)
Si vida si. (He sees him [another person].) Si vida se. (He sees himself.) Si ama se-a domo. (He loves his own house.)
Lumina uses standard suffixes to derive new words logically.
- -ro: Agent / Person (e.g., Usaro = User, Krearo = Creator)
- -ilo: Tool (e.g., Skriba-ilo -> Skribilo = Pen)
- -alo: Place (e.g., Kuka-alo -> Kukalo = Kitchen)
- -uyo: Container (e.g., Akuo-uyo -> Akuuyo = Water tank)
- -isto: Professional (e.g., Dento-isto -> Dentisto = Dentist)
- Re-: Again (e.g., Re-krea = Recreate)
- Pre-: Before (e.g., Pre-vido = Preview)
- Post-: After (e.g., Post-guero = Post-war)
- Mala-: Opposite / Bad (e.g., Mala-sani = Sick)
- Non-: Negation (e.g., Non-gudi = Not good)
- Anti-: Against (e.g., Anti-viruso = Antivirus)
Adverbs of time and place typically appear at the start or end of the sentence to avoid breaking the SVO flow. Adverbs of manner (how) follow the verb.
- Nue, Mi runa. (Now, I run.)
- Mi runa in parko. (I run in the park.)
- Mi runa vele. (I run fast.)
Modal verbs function like normal verbs but are often followed by another verb (infinitive/root form).
- Vola: Want
- Musta: Must / Have to
- Posa: Can / Be able to
- Nesa: Need
Mi vola runa. (I want to run.) Si musta labora. (He must work.)
- Active Participle (-I): The doer.
- Runa (Run) -> Runi (Running)
- Krea (Create) -> Krei (Creating)
- Passive Participle (-U): The receiver.
- Krea (Create) -> Kreu (Created) -> Kreu melo (Created machine)
- Ama (Love) -> Amu (Loved) -> Amu humo (Loved human)
Indirect objects are marked by the preposition Ad (To).
- Mi dona libro ad tu. (I give the book to you.)
- Si skriba letro ad Mi. (He writes a letter to me.)
To indicate "each other" or "one another", use the phrase Inter-se (Between selves).
- Nos ama inter-se. (We love each other.)
- Si-s voka inter-se. (They speak to one another.)
Since word order is strict, emphasis is achieved using particles like Vere (Truly) or Sole (Only), or by stress intonation.
- Mi vere vola dato. (I really want data.)
- Mi vola sole dato. (I want only data.)
Adjectives always precede the noun they modify. They must end in -i.
- Correct: Rubi auto (Red car)
- Incorrect: Auto rubi
Adverbs modify verbs or other adjectives. They follow the verb they modify, or precede the adjective they modify. They must end in -e.
- Modifying Verb: Melo runa vele. (The machine runs fast.)
- Modifying Adjective: Melo esa vere veli. (The machine is very fast.)
To indicate possession, add -a to the pronoun or noun.
- Mi (I) -> Mi-a (My)
- Tu (You) -> Tu-a (Your)
- Humo (Human) -> Humo-a (Human's)
Reflexive Possessive (Se-a): To refer back to the subject (his own, her own, its own), use Se-a.
- Si ama si-a domo. (He loves his [someone else's] house.)
- Si ama se-a domo. (He loves his [own] house.)
Mi-a kodo esa gudi. (My code is good.)
Lumina uses prefixes to create logical correlatives.
- Omni-: All / Every
- Omni-o (Everything)
- Omni-humo (Everyone)
- Omni-loko (Everywhere)
- Omni-tempo (Always)
- Ali-: Some
- Ali-o (Something)
- Ali-humo (Someone)
- Ali-loko (Somewhere)
- Nul-: No / None
- Nul-o (Nothing)
- Nul-humo (No one)
- Nul-loko (Nowhere)
When multiple adjectives modify a noun, the preferred logical order is:
- Quantity (Numbers)
- Quality (Good, Bad)
- Size (Big, Small)
- Age (New, Old)
- Color (Red, Blue)
- Origin/Material (City, Metal)
Duo gudi grandi nevi rubi melo-s. (Two good big new red machines.)
- Comparative: Use Plu (More) or Min (Less) + Adjective + De (Than).
- Tu esa plu grandi de Mi. (You are bigger than me.)
- Dis melo esa min veli de dat melo. (This machine is less fast than that machine.)
- Superlative: Use Mas (Most) or Minim (Least).
- Si esa mas gudi humo. (He is the best human.)
- Dis esa minim kosti melo. (This is the least expensive machine.)
Tense is indicated by a suffix attached to the verb root.
| Tense | Suffix | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | -A (Root) | Mi krea | I create |
| Past | -DA | Mi kreada | I created |
| Future | -FO | Mi kreafo | I will create |
| Perfect | -VE | Mi kreave | I have created |
Continuous Aspect: To express ongoing action, use Esa (To be) + Active Participle (-i).
- Mi esa krei. (I am creating.)
- Si esada dormi. (He was sleeping.)
Prepositions link nouns to the rest of the sentence.
- In: In / Inside
- Su: On / Upon
- Ad: To / At (Direction)
- De: From / Of (Origin)
- Kon: With
- Sin: Without
- Per: By / Via (Instrument)
- Post: After
- Pre: Before
- Inter: Between
Prepositions with Clauses: If a preposition introduces a full sentence (verb), add Ke.
- Post laboro (After work)
- Post ke Mi labora (After I work)
Mi mova ad domo. (I move to the house.) Si labora kon melo. (He works with the machine.)
Lumina uses a base-10 system. Numbers are constants and always end in -o.
- 0-10: Nulo, Uno, Duo, Trio, Katro, Pento, Sekso, Septo, Okto, Novo, Deso.
- 11-19: Des-uno, Des-duo, Des-trio...
- 20, 30, 40: Duo-deso, Trio-deso, Katro-deso...
- 21: Duo-des-uno (2-10-1)
- 100: Hekto
- 1000: Milo
- 2024: Duo-milo duo-des-katro
- Plus: + (Plus)
- Minus: - (Minus)
- Per: * (Multiply / By)
- Super: / (Divide / Over)
- Ekua: = (Equals)
Duo plus duo ekua katro. (2 + 2 = 4) Duo per trio ekua sekso. (2 * 3 = 6)
Time is logical and linear.
- Clock Time: Use Oro (Hour) and Mino (Minute).
- Oro trio (03:00 / 3 O'clock)
- Oro trio et mino deso (03:10)
- Days: Dio (Day). Days are numbered 1-7.
- Dio-uno (Monday/First Day)
- Dio-septo (Sunday)
- Months: Meso (Month). Months are numbered 1-12.
- Meso-uno (January)
- Seasons: Seso (Season).
- Seso-uno (Spring)
- Seso-duo (Summer)
- Seso-trio (Autumn)
- Seso-katro (Winter)
- Years: Yaro (Year).
- Date Format: Yaro-Meso-Dio
- 2024-05-21 = Duo-milo duo-des-katro, Meso-pento, Dio-duo-des-uno
- Point in Time: Use In or Ad.
- Mi vena in oro trio. (I come at 3:00.)
- Duration: Use Pro (For).
- Mi labora pro trio oro-s. (I work for 3 hours.)
Questions are marked by the particle Ke at the start of the sentence.
Ke tu vida melo? (Do you see the machine?)
Negation is marked by Non immediately before the verb. Double negation is logical: two negatives make a positive.
- Mi non vida melo. (I do not see the machine.)
- Mi non non vola. (I do not not want = I want.)
Logic follows the Ef ... Den ... (If ... Then ...) structure.
Ef kodo esa gudi, den melo runa. (If the code is good, then the machine runs.)
Conjunctions connect words or clauses.
- Coordinating:
- Et: And
- Or: Or
- Sed: But
- Subordinating:
- Kaus: Because
- Dum: While
- Ke: That (Relative pronoun/conjunction)
- Ergo: Therefore / So
- Komo: As / Like
- Ef: If
Mi vola dato sed Mi non hava tempo. (I want data but I do not have time.) Mi runa kaus Mi esa tardi. (I run because I am late.) Si dorma dum Mi labora. (He sleeps while I work.) Mi puta, ergo Mi esa. (I think, therefore I am.)
Relative clauses are introduced by Ke (That/Who/Which). They follow the noun they modify.
- Humo ke runa esa veli. (The human who runs is fast.)
- Melo ke Mi vida esa grandi. (The machine that I see is big.)
For purely imaginary or hypothetical situations, use Sip (Suppose) instead of Ef.
- Sip Mi esa avio, Mi avia. (If I were a bird, I would fly.)
- Sip tu hava milo dolaro-s, kuo tu krea? (If you had a thousand dollars, what would you create?)
- Mi: I / Me
- Tu: You (singular)
- Si: He / She / It / They (singular)
- Nos: We
- Vos: You (plural)
- Si-s: They (plural)
- Dato: Data
- Domo: House
- Fono: Phone / Sound
- Voko: Voice / Speech
- Humo: Human
- Usaro: User
- Kodo: Code
- Filo: File
- Libro: Book
- Loko: Place
- Lumo: Light
- Melo: Machine
- Mundo: World
- Muro: Wall
- Ponto: Bridge
- Seno: Mind
- Sentro: Center
- Senso: Sense / Meaning
- Seso: Season
- Meso: Month
- Dio: Day
- Oro: Hour
- Mino: Minute
- Pasto: Past
- Presento: Present
- Futuro: Future
- Urbo: City
- Vio: Way / Road
- Amiko: Friend
- Familo: Family
- Patro: Father
- Matro: Mother
- Sibo: Sibling
- Filio: Child
- Sposo: Spouse
- Viro: Male
- Femo: Female
- Nomo: Name
- Poemo: Poem
- Kanto: Song
- Alto: Height
- Baso: Depth
- Papero: Paper
- Sako: Bag
- Vestio: Clothing
- Koluro: Color
- Letro: Letter
- Numero: Number
- Tempo: Time
- Yaro: Year
- Naturo: Nature
- Akuo: Water
- Tero: Earth / Land
- Aero: Air
- Firo: Fire
- Suno: Sun
- Luno: Moon
- Stelo: Star
- Spaso: Space
- Planeto: Planet
- Galakso: Galaxy
- Arbo: Tree
- Floro: Flower
- Planto: Plant
- Animo: Animal
- Kano: Dog
- Kato: Cat
- Avio: Bird
- Pisko: Fish
- Bovo: Cow
- Insekto: Insect
- Leono: Lion
- Tigro: Tiger
- Urso: Bear
- Serpento: Snake
- Simio: Monkey
- Elefanto: Elephant
- Monto: Mountain
- Valo: Valley
- Maro: Sea
- Rivo: River
- Nubo: Cloud
- Pluvo: Rain
- Nivo: Snow
- Vento: Wind
- Insulo: Island
- Mapo: Map
- Stono: Stone
- Sablo: Sand
- Korpo: Body
- Kapo: Head
- Manuo: Hand
- Pedo: Foot
- Okulo: Eye
- Orelo: Ear
- Boko: Mouth
- Naso: Nose
- Dento: Tooth
- Languo: Tongue
- Kordo: Heart
- Sango: Blood
- Osto: Bone
- Selo: Cell (Biology)
- Pelo: Skin
- Haro: Hair
- Fasio: Face
- Manyo: Food
- Bivo: Drink
- Pano: Bread
- Frukto: Fruit
- Pomo: Apple
- Banano: Banana
- Karno: Meat
- Lakto: Milk
- Vino: Wine
- Kafo: Coffee
- Teo: Tea
- Sukro: Sugar
- Salo: Salt
- Olo: Oil
- Ovo: Egg
- Supo: Soup
- Legumo: Vegetable
- Strado: Street
- Parko: Park
- Skolo: School
- Banko: Bank
- Benko: Bench
- Merkato: Market
- Ospitalo: Hospital
- Hotelo: Hotel
- Manyalo: Restaurant
- Auto: Car
- Buso: Bus
- Treno: Train
- Navo: Ship/Boat
- Biklo: Bicycle
- Porto: Port
- Aero-porto: Airport
- Ilo: Tool
- Tablo: Table
- Sedilo: Chair
- Dormilo: Bed
- Lampo: Lamp
- Bokso: Box
- Doro: Door
- Fenestro: Window
- Kamero: Room
- Kukalo: Kitchen
- Banalo: Bathroom
- Skribilo: Pen
- Kupilo: Knife
- Forko: Fork
- Spuno: Spoon
- Emosio: Emotion
- Amo: Love
- Odio: Hate
- Gaudo: Joy/Happiness
- Tristo: Sadness
- Timoro: Fear
- Iro: Anger
- Ideo: Idea
- Logiko: Logic
- Vero: Truth
- Falso: Falsehood
- Povo: Power
- Energo: Energy
- Paso: Peace
- Belo: Beauty
- Libero: Freedom
- Yusto: Justice
- Spero: Hope
- Duto: Doubt
- Kauso: Cause
- Efekto: Effect
- Kaoso: Chaos
- Danyero: Danger
- Sekuro: Safety
- Fortuno: Luck
- Destino: Destiny
- Sonyo: Dream
- Pasio: Passion
- Direkto: Direction
- Disto: Distance
- Fino: End
- Fumo: Smoke
- Solvo: Solution
- Debato: Debate
- Sekundo: Second (Time)
- Starto: Start
- Miraklo: Miracle
- Unito: Unit
- Tekno: Technology
- Reto: Network / Web
- Skrino: Screen
- Batro: Battery
- Programo: Program
- Memoro: Memory
- Proseso: Processor
- Butono: Button
- Proyekto: Project
- Problemo: Problem
- Spekulo: Mirror
- Lango: Language
- Video: Video
- Audio: Audio
- Kliko: Click
- Linko: Link
- Servero: Server
- Roboto: Robot
- Raketo: Rocket
- Algoritmo: Algorithm
- Diyito: Digit
- Sifro: Cipher / Code
- Viruso: Virus
- Virtuo: Virtual Reality (from Virtu-i)
- Sienso: Science
- Atomo: Atom
- Molekulo: Molecule
- Elektrono: Electron
- Protono: Proton
- Neutrono: Neutron
- Nukleo: Nucleus
- Materio: Matter
- Universo: Universe
- Teorio: Theory
- Eksperimento: Experiment
- Fisiko: Physics
- Kemio: Chemistry
- Biologio: Biology
- Matematiko: Mathematics
- Govo: Government
- Leyo: Law
- Regulo: Rule
- Nasio: Nation
- Sivilo: Civilization
- Voto: Vote
- Yudiko: Judgment
- Krimo: Crime
- Puno: Punishment
- Politiko: Politics
- Lidero: Leader
- Guero: War
- Ekonomio: Economy
- Mono: Money
- Kambio: Exchange
- Preso: Price
- Ofero: Offer / Supply
- Demando: Demand
- Kosto: Cost
- Valuro: Value
- Profito: Profit
- Perdo: Loss
- Grano: Grain
- Konto: Account
- Takso: Tax
- Dolaro: Dollar
- Kulturo: Culture
- Arto: Art
- Musiko: Music
- Pikto: Painting / Picture
- Danso: Dance
- Spirito: Spirit / Soul
- Populo: People (Nation/Community)
- Historio: History
- Tradiso: Tradition
- Reliyo: Religion
- Blanki: White
- Blui: Blue
- Grandi: Big
- Grini: Green
- Gudi: Good
- Mali: Bad
- Mini: Small
- Nevi: New
- Nigri: Black
- Oldi: Old
- Rubi: Red
- Veli: Fast
- Lenti: Slow
- Forti: Strong
- Debili: Weak
- Klari: Clear
- Obskuri: Dark / Obscure
- Lumi: Bright / Light
- Duri: Hard
- Moli: Soft
- Kosti: Expensive / Costly
- Veri: True
- Falsi: False
- Posi: Possible
- Nesesi: Necessary
- Pleni: Full
- Vaki: Empty
- Redi: Ready
- Longi: Long
- Disti: Distant / Far
- Brevi: Short
- Alti: High/Tall
- Basi: Low/Short
- Lati: Wide
- Angusti: Narrow
- Kaldi: Hot
- Fridi: Cold
- Siki: Dry
- Umidi: Wet
- Riki: Rich
- Poveri: Poor
- Beli: Beautiful
- Ledi: Ugly
- Gaudi: Happy
- Tristi: Sad
- Iri: Angry
- Timori: Afraid
- Kalmi: Calm
- Fatigi: Tired
- Energi: Energetic
- Busi: Busy
- Liberi: Free
- Sani: Healthy
- Mala-sani: Sick
- Silenti: Silent
- Bruisi: Noisy
- Nordi: North
- Sudi: South
- Esti: East
- Westi: West
- Deksteri: Right (Direction)
- Sinistri: Left (Direction)
- Sentri: Central
- Publiki: Public
- Sivili: Civil
- Privati: Private
- Simpli: Simple
- Kompleksi: Complex
- Sami: Same
- Ekuali: Equal
- Diferi: Different
- Puri: Clean
- Fasili: Easy
- Difisili: Difficult
- Tardi: Late
- Presti: Early
- Flavi: Yellow
- Freski: Fresh
- Duli: Sweet
- Asidi: Sour
- Sali: Salty
- Amari: Bitter
- Yuni: Young
- Omni: All
- Ali: Some
- Nuli: No / None
- Soli: Only / Alone
- Multi: Many / Much
- Diyiti: Digital
- Virtui: Virtual
- Gude: Well
- Male: Badly
- Vele: Fast / Quickly
- Lente: Slowly
- Vere: Truly
- Nue: Now
- Sole: Only
- Sempre: Always
- Nune: Never
- Here: Yesterday
- Domane: Tomorrow
- Oye: Today
- Tarde: Late
- Preste: Early / Soon
- Komo: How / As
- Diste: Distantly / Far
- Auda: To hear
- Dona: To give
- Esa: To be
- Hava: To have
- Vena: To come
- Krea: To create
- Mova: To move
- Puta: To think / compute
- Runa: To run
- Sava: To know
- Skriba: To write
- Stopa: To stop
- Vida: To see
- Voka: To speak
- Dika: To say / tell
- Vola: To want
- Usa: To use
- Lerna: To learn
- Dorma: To sleep
- Manya: To eat
- Biva: To drink
- Luda: To play
- Labora: To work
- Keka: To check
- Musta: To must / have to
- Ama: To love
- Odia: To hate
- Senta: To feel
- Toka: To touch
- Gusta: To taste
- Smela: To smell
- Ambula: To walk
- Avia: To fly
- Suima: To swim
- Salta: To jump
- Kila: To kill
- Vada: To go
- Seda: To sit
- Standa: To stand
- Yaka: To throw
- Kapta: To catch
- Apera: To open
- Klosa: To close
- Starta: To start
- Fina: To end
- Morta: To die
- Viva: To live
- Nata: To be born
- Kreska: To grow
- Kupa: To cut
- Solva: To solve
- Pona: To put
- Prema: To press
- Leva: To rise / lift
- Prena: To take
- Venda: To sell
- Tena: To hold
- Lega: To read
- Kanta: To sing
- Rida: To laugh
- Plora: To cry
- Studia: To study
- Instrukta: To teach/instruct
- Kuka: To cook
- Lava: To wash
- Pura: To clean
- Trova: To find
- Perda: To lose
- Gana: To win
- Kompra: To buy
- Paga: To pay
- Kosta: To cost
- Kreda: To believe
- Memora: To remember
- Obliva: To forget
- Bana: To bathe
- Medika: To heal
- Polisa: To police
- Helpa: To help
- Posa: To be able / Can
- Nesa: To need
- Tenta: To try
- Monstra: To show
- Kela: To hide
- Kisa: To kiss
- Unita: To unite
- Divida: To divide
- Desida: To decide
- Mita: To meet
- Kuesta: To ask
- Responda: To answer
- Komprenda: To understand
- Damna: To harm
- Protekta: To protect
- Multa: To multiply
- Ekua: To equal
- Nulo: 0
- Uno: 1
- Duo: 2
- Trio: 3
- Katro: 4
- Pento: 5
- Sekso: 6
- Septo: 7
- Okto: 8
- Novo: 9
- Deso: 10
- Hekto: 100
- Milo: 1000
- Ad: To / At
- De: From / Of
- Den: Then
- Ef: If
- Et: And
- Anke: Also
- In: In
- Ke: (Question Marker)
- Kon: With
- Non: No / Not
- Or: Or
- Per: By / Via (Instrument)
- Post: After
- Pre: Before
- Sed: But
- Tamen: However
- Sin: Without
- Su: On
- Sub: Under
- Super: Over / Above
- Inter: Between
- Pro: For
- Prope: Near
- Kaus: Because
- Dum: While
- Sirkum: Around
- Ekstra: Outside
- Tra: Through
- Kontra: Against
- Plu: More
- Min: Less
- Mas: Most
- Minim: Least
- Saluto: Hello
- Ya: Yes
- Plus: Plus (+)
- Minus: Minus (-)
- Ekua: Equals (=)
- Dis: This
- Dat: That
- Kuo: What
- Ki: Who
- Ubi: Where
- Kande: When
- Kuanto: How much / How many
- Komo: How / Like
- Pro-kuo: Why
- Instruktaro: Teacher
- Medikaro: Doctor
- Krearo: Creator
- Skribaro: Writer
- Laboraro: Worker
- Polisaro: Police Officer
- Usaro: User
- Yudikaro: Judge
- Organo: Organ
- Organismo: Organism
- Sistemo: System
- Sekreto: Secret
- Misterio: Mystery
- Filosofio: Philosophy
- Sirklo: Circle
- Ligno: Wood
- Metalo: Metal
- Plastiko: Plastic
- Glaso: Glass
- Goldo: Gold
- Silvero: Silver
- Saluto: Hello
- Fino: Goodbye (End)
- Gratia: Thank you
- Plisa: Please
- Pardo: Sorry / Pardon
- Ya: Yes
- Non: No
- Vida lumo: To understand (See light)
- Hava grandi kordo: To be brave/kind (Have big heart)
- Kodo de vivo: Destiny (Code of life)
- Runa in sirklo: To make no progress (Run in circle)
- Manya tempo: To waste time (Eat time)
- Mi vida melo. (I see the machine.)
- Tu hava dato. (You have data.)
- Si skriba kodo. (He writes code.)
- Nos lerna Lumina. (We learn Lumina.)
- Vos manya pomo. (You all eat the apple.)
- Si-s runa vele. (They run fast.)
- Melo esa grandi. (The machine is big.)
- Domo esa nevi. (The house is new.)
- Mi vola akuo. (I want water.)
- Tu sava nomo. (You know the name.)
- Kano runa in parko. (The dog runs in the park.)
- Kato dorma su tablo. (The cat sleeps on the table.)
- Mi manya pano. (I eat bread.)
- Si biva kafo. (She drinks coffee.)
- Suno esa in aero. (The sun is in the air.)
- Luno esa beli. (The moon is beautiful.)
- Mi hava duo manuo-s. (I have two hands.)
- Tu hava uno kapo. (You have one head.)
- Firo esa kaldi. (Fire is hot.)
- Nivo esa fridi. (Snow is cold.)
- Mi-a grandi melo runa in domo. (My big machine runs in the house.)
- Tu-a nevi libro esa su tablo. (Your new book is on the table.)
- Nos labora kon veli melo-s. (We work with fast machines.)
- Si skriba gudi kodo per fono. (She writes good code by phone.)
- Mundo de lumo esa vere grandi. (The world of light is very big.)
- Mi non vola mali dato in Mi-a melo. (I do not want bad data in my machine.)
- Ke tu vida rubi ponto su akuo? (Do you see the red bridge on the water?)
- Si-s mova de urbo ad domo. (They move from the city to the house.)
- Nos manya gudi pomo in nevi loko. (We eat a good apple in a new place.)
- Ef tu hava tempo, Mi vola voka. (If you have time, I want to speak.)
- Mi-a amiko viva in grandi urbo. (My friend lives in a big city.)
- Nos vada ad merkato pro kompra frukto. (We go to the market to buy fruit.)
- Buso mova vele su strado. (The bus moves fast on the street.)
- Mi senta gaudo kande Mi vida tu. (I feel joy when I see you.)
- Ef tu esa tristi, Mi esa tristi. (If you are sad, I am sad.)
- Tekno de melo esa kompleksi. (The technology of the machine is complex.)
- Mi usa Mi-a fono pro voka Mi-a familo. (I use my phone to call my family.)
- Ke tu sava nomo de dis strado? (Do you know the name of this street?)
- Aero in monto esa klari et fridi. (The air in the mountain is clear and cold.)
- Nos musta labora kon energo et spero. (We must work with energy and hope.)
Paragraph 1: The Daily Routine Mi leva pre lumo. Mi biva akuo et manya pomo. Den, Mi mova ad urbo. In urbo, Mi labora kon melo-s. Mi skriba kodo. Kodo esa Mi-a vivo. Post laboro, Mi vena ad domo. Mi dorma in Mi-a domo.
Translation: I rise before the light. I drink water and eat an apple. Then, I move to the city. In the city, I work with machines. I write code. Code is my life. After work, I come to the house. I sleep in my house.
Paragraph 2: The Nature of Data Dato esa in aero. Nos non vida dato, sed nos sava ke si esa. Melo-s prena dato et krea senso. Sin dato, melo non puta. Sin melo, humo non sava mundo. Nos esa ponto inter dato et senso.
Translation: Data is in the air. We do not see data, but we know that it is (exists). Machines take data and create sense/meaning. Without data, the machine does not think. Without the machine, the human does not know the world. We are the bridge between data and sense.
Paragraph 3: The Market (Merkato) Merkato esa pleni de humo-s. Mi vida multi koluro-s. Pomo-s esa rubi, banano-s esa flavi, et legumo-s esa grini. Mi auda voko-s de vendo. Humo-s kompra pano et karno. Mi kompra kafo et seda su banko. Merkato esa loko de vivo.
Translation: The market is full of humans. I see many colors. Apples are red, bananas are yellow, and vegetables are green. I hear voices of selling (sales). Humans buy bread and meat. I buy coffee and sit on a bench. The market is a place of life.
Paragraph 4: The Forest (Loko de Arbo-s) In loko de arbo-s, aero esa freski. Mi non auda melo-s. Mi auda sole avio-s et vento. Arbo-s esa alti et forti. Si-s standa pro multi tempo. Mi ambula su tero. Mi senta paso in Mi-a kordo. Naturo esa Mi-a veri domo.
Translation: In the place of trees (forest), the air is fresh. I do not hear machines. I hear only birds and wind. The trees are tall and strong. They stand for much time. I walk on the earth. I feel peace in my heart. Nature is my true home.
Text 1: The History of Lumina (Historio de Lumina) In oldi tempo, humo-s vokada kon multi lango-s. Lango-s esada duri. Humo-s non savada se. Den, uno humo kreada Lumina. Lumina esa lango de logiko. Si non hava mali regulo-s. Si esa klari et veli. Nue, nos voka Lumina. Nos sava mundo gude. Nos kreafo nevi futuro kon klari voko.
Translation: In old times, humans spoke with many languages. The languages were hard. Humans did not know (understand) themselves. Then, one human created Lumina. Lumina is the language of logic. It does not have bad rules. It is clear and fast. Now, we speak Lumina. We know the world well. We will create a new future with clear speech.
Text 2: The Logic of the Machine (Logiko de Melo) Melo non dorma. Melo non manya. Melo sole puta. Ef dato esa veri, melo dona vero. Ef dato esa falsi, melo dona falso. Melo esa spekulo de humo. Ef nos esa mali, melo esa mali. Ef nos esa gudi, melo esa gudi. Nos musta esa gudi pro melo.
Translation: The machine does not sleep. The machine does not eat. The machine only thinks. If data is true, the machine gives true. If data is false, the machine gives false. The machine is a mirror of the human. If we are bad, the machine is bad. If we are good, the machine is good. We must be good for the machine.
Text 3: The Philosophy of Logic (Filosofio de Logiko) Logiko esa vio de vero. Sin logiko, nos vada in duto. Emosio esa gudi, sed logiko esa nesesi. Emosio dona energo, sed logiko dona direkto. Ef nos hava energo sin direkto, nos krea kaoso. Ef nos hava direkto sin energo, nos krea nulo. Nos musta unita emosio kon logiko.
Translation: Logic is the way of truth. Without logic, we go in doubt. Emotion is good, but logic is necessary. Emotion gives energy, but logic gives direction. If we have energy without direction, we create chaos. If we have direction without energy, we create nothing. We must unite emotion with logic.
Text 4: The Future of Energy (Futuro de Energo) Mundo nesa nevi energo. Oldi energo de tero esa mali pro aero. Nos musta trova nevi vio-s. Suno et vento esa gudi. Si-s esa puri et forti. Ef nos usa suno, nos non krea fumo. Nos musta krea melo-s ke kapta lumo de suno. Dis esa vio ad gudi futuro.
Translation: The world needs new energy. Old energy from the earth is bad for the air. We must find new ways. Sun and wind are good. They are clean and strong. If we use the sun, we do not create smoke. We must create machines that catch light from the sun. This is the way to a good future.
Dialogue 1: Meeting a Friend (Mito de Amiko)
- A: Saluto, amiko! Ke tu esa gudi? (Hello, friend! Are you good?)
- B: Saluto! Mi esa gudi. Ke tu esa gudi? (Hello! I am good. Are you good?)
- A: Mi esa gudi, sed Mi hava multi laboro. (I am good, but I have much work.)
- B: Ke tu labora su nevi proyekto? (Do you work on a new project?)
- A: Ya. Mi krea nevi melo. (Yes. I create a new machine.)
- B: Grandi! Mi vola vida si. (Great! I want to see it.)
Dialogue 2: The Broken Machine (Debili Melo)
- A: Melo non runa. Ke tu sava problemo? (The machine does not run. Do you know the problem?)
- B: Ke tu kekada batro? (Did you check the battery?)
- A: Ya. Batro esa pleni. (Yes. Battery is full.)
- B: Ef batro esa gudi, den kodo esa mali. (If battery is good, then code is bad.)
- A: Mi kekafo kodo nue. (I will see [check] the code now.)
Dialogue 3: Business Meeting (Mito de Laboro)
- A: Nos nesa fina dis proyekto nue. (We need to finish this project now.)
- B: Sed nos non hava tempo. (But we do not have time.)
- A: Ef nos labora vele, nos posa fina. (If we work fast, we can finish.)
- B: Ke nos hava omni dato? (Do we have all data?)
- A: Ya. Dato esa in servero. (Yes. Data is in server.)
- B: Gudi. Nos starta. (Good. We start.)
Device Instructions (Instrukto de Melo)
- Prena melo in manuo. (Take machine in hand.)
- Prema rubi butono. (Press red button.)
- Vida grini lumo. (See green light.)
- Ef lumo esa rubi, stopa! (If light is red, stop!)
- Ef lumo esa grini, melo esa redi. (If light is green, machine is ready.)
- Usa melo per voko. (Use machine by voice.)
Troubleshooting (Solvo de Problemo-s)
- Problemo: Melo non starta.
- Solvo: Keka batro. Ef batro esa nulo, dona energo.
- Problemo: Skrino esa nigri.
- Solvo: Prema butono de starto pro pento sekundo-s.
- Problemo: Melo esa kaldi.
- Solvo: Stopa melo. Pona melo in fridi loko.
The Journey (Vio)
Uno dio, uno yuni humo nomu Elara desidada vada de se-a domo. Si volada vida mundo. Si prenada se-a sako, se-a pano, et se-a akuo. Si ambulada pro multi dio-s. Si vidada grandi monto-s et longi rivo-s. Si dormada sub stelo-s.
In uno urbo, si mitada uno oldi humo. Oldi humo havada multi libro-s. "Ke tu vola lerna?" oldi humo kuestada. "Ya," Elara respondada. "Mi vola lerna vero."
Oldi humo donada uno libro ad Elara. "Vero esa in tu," si dikada. Elara legada libro. Libro esada blanki. Nulo esada in libro. Elara komprendada. Si esada skribaro de se-a vero.
Translation: One day, one young human named Elara decided to go from her house. She wanted to see the world. She took her bag, her bread, and her water. She walked for many days. She saw big mountains and long rivers. She slept under the stars.
In one city, she met an old human. The old human had many books. "Do you want to learn?" the old human asked. "Yes," Elara responded. "I want to learn the truth."
The old human gave a book to Elara. "The truth is in you," he said. Elara read the book. The book was white (blank). Nothing was in the book. Elara understood. She was the writer of her truth.
The Star and the Sea (Stelo et Maro)
Stelo vida maro de alto. Maro vola stelo de baso. Si-s esa disti, inter aero. Sed lumo de stelo kisa akuo. Et maro kanta kanto de amo. Amo esa ponto inter nulo.
Translation: The star sees the sea from high. The sea wants the star from low. They are far, between air. But the light of the star kisses the water. And the sea sings a song of love. Love is a bridge between nothing(ness).
The Atom (Atomo)
Omni-o esa kreu de atomo-s. Atomo esa vere mini. Nos non vida si kon okulo. In sentro de atomo esa nukleo. Nukleo hava protono et neutrono. Elektrono runa sirkum nukleo. Atomo esa komo mini suno-sistemo. Energo de atomo esa grandi. Dis esa sekreto de materio.
Translation: Everything is created from atoms. The atom is very small. We do not see it with the eye. In the center of the atom is the nucleus. The nucleus has a proton and a neutron. The electron runs around the nucleus. The atom is like a small solar system. The energy of the atom is big. This is the secret of matter.
The Nature of Being (Naturo de Eso)
Eso esa misterio. Pro-kuo ali-o esa, et non nul-o? Nos puta, ergo nos esa. Sed kuo nos esa? Nos esa kodo de universo. Universo skriba nos. Nos skriba universo. Eso esa sirklo sin fino. Starto esa fino, et fino esa starto. In sentro de sirklo, esa nulo. Et in nulo, esa omni-o.
Translation: Being is a mystery. Why is something, and not nothing? We think, therefore we are. But what are we? We are the code of the universe. The universe writes us. We write the universe. Being is a circle without end. Start is end, and end is start. In the center of the circle, is nothing. And in nothing, is everything.
The Code of Civil Life (Kodo de Sivili Vivo)
- Omni humo esa natu liberi et ekuali. (Every human is born free and equal.)
- Nul-humo hava povo pro damna ali-humo. (No human has power to harm another human.)
- Govo esa kreu per voto de nasio. (Government is created by vote of the nation.)
- Ef humo krea krimo, yudikaro musta auda si. (If a human creates a crime, a judge must hear them.)
- Puno musta esa ekuali ad krimo. (Punishment must be equal to the crime.)
- Paso esa fino de omni leyo. (Peace is the end/goal of every law.)
The First City (Urbo Uno)
In starto, humo-s vivada in nuli loko. Si-s movada kon vento. Sed uno dio, si-s trovada gudi valo prope rivo. Tero esada riki. Si-s desidada stopa. Si-s usada stono et ligno pro krea domo-s. Si-s kreada muro pro protekta se kontra leono-s. Dis esada starto de sivilo. Nos voka dis loko "Urbo Uno".
Translation: In the start, humans lived in no place. They moved with the wind. But one day, they found a good valley near a river. The land was rich. They decided to stop. They used stone and wood to create houses. They created a wall to protect themselves against lions. This was the start of civilization. We call this place "City One".
The Cell (Selo)
Selo esa unito de vivo. Omni animo et planto hava selo-s. In selo, esa mini melo-s. Si-s labora pro krea energo. Kodo de vivo esa kodo de selo. Si dika ad selo komo kreska. Selo-s divida pro krea nevi selo-s. Dis esa miraklo de naturo.
Translation: The cell is the unit of life. Every animal and plant has cells. In the cell, there are small machines. They work to create energy. The code of life is the code of the cell. It tells the cell how to grow. Cells divide to create new cells. This is the miracle of nature.
The Journey to Mars (Vio ad Marso)
Humo-s vola vada ad spaso. Nos vida stelo-s et vola toka si-s. Marso esa rubi planeto. Si esa disti de Tero. Nos musta krea grandi raketo-s pro vada ad Marso. Vio esa longi et difisili. In spaso, esa nuli aero. Sed nos hava spero. Uno dio, nos vivafo su Marso.
Translation: Humans want to go to space. We see stars and want to touch them. Mars is a red planet. It is far from Earth. We must create big rockets to go to Mars. The journey is long and difficult. In space, there is no air. But we have hope. One day, we will live on Mars.
Technology vs Nature (Tekno kontra Naturo)
- A: Tekno esa futuro de humo. (Technology is the future of the human.)
- B: Sed naturo esa nos-a matro. (But nature is our mother.)
- A: Kon tekno, nos posa solva omni problemo. (With technology, we can solve every problem.)
- B: Tekno krea nevi problemo-s. Vida fumo in aero. (Technology creates new problems. See the smoke in the air.)
- A: Nos kreafo melo-s pro pura aero. (We will create machines to clean the air.)
- B: Arbo-s krea puri aero gude. Pro-kuo nos nesa melo? (Trees create clean air well. Why do we need a machine?)
- A: Kaus nos vola vada ad stelo-s. (Because we want to go to the stars.)
- B: Vada ad stelo-s, sed non kila Tero. (Go to the stars, but do not kill Earth.)
The Language of the Soul (Lango de Spirito)
Arto esa lango de spirito. Musiko, pikto, et danso voka sin voko-s. Omni nasio hava kulturo. Kulturo esa memoro de populo. Nos musta protekta nos-a kulturo. Arto unita nos. In arto, nos esa omni sami.
Translation: Art is the language of the spirit. Music, painting, and dance speak without words. Every nation has a culture. Culture is the memory of the people. We must protect our culture. Art unites us. In art, we are all the same.
The Market (Merkato)
Mono esa ilo de kambio. In pasto, humo-s kambiada bovo-s pro grano. Nue nos usa diyiti mono. Merkato desida preso. Ef multi humo-s vola ali-o, preso esa alti. Ef nul-humo vola si, preso esa basi. Dis esa leyo de ofero et demando.
Translation: Money is a tool of exchange. In the past, humans exchanged cows for grain. Now we use digital money. The market decides the price. If many people want something, the price is high. If no one wants it, the price is low. This is the law of supply and demand.
| Feature | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Word Order | SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) | Mi vida melo. |
| Nouns | End in -O | Humo, Kodo |
| Verbs | End in -A | Huma, Koda |
| Adjectives | End in -I (Precede Noun) | Gudi humo |
| Adverbs | End in -E (Follow Verb) | Runa vele |
| Passive Participle | End in -U | Kreu |
| Plurals | Add -S to Noun | Humo-s |
| Past Tense | Add -DA to Verb | Runada |
| Future Tense | Add -FO to Verb | Runafo |
| Perfect Tense | Add -VE to Verb | Runave |
| Continuous | Esa + Adj (-I) | Esa runi |
| Negation | Non before Verb | Non runa |
| Question | Ke at start | Ke tu runa? |
| Possession | Add -A to Noun/Pronoun | Mi-a domo |
| Passive | Esa + Part (-U) | Esa kreu |
| Imperative | Verb (Present) | Runa! |
| Reflexive | Se (Pronoun) / Se-a (Poss) | Si vida se. |
| Prefixes | Mala- (Opposite), Re- (Again) | Mala-gudi |
| Suffixes | -ro (Agent), -ilo (Tool) | Usaro |
